doi: 10.1021/ac800066nīeckon W, Parkins C, Maximovich A, Beckon AV (2008) A general approach to modeling biphasic relationships. doi: 10.1002/etc.586īatt A, Kostich MS, Lazorchak JM (2008) Analysis of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals in wastewater and surface water using selective solid-phase extraction and UPLC-MS/MS. Chemosphere 38(14):3291–3301īackhaus T, Porsbring T, Arrhenius Å, Brosche S, Johansson P, Blanck H (2011) Single-substance and mixture toxicity of five pharmaceuticals and personal care products to marine Periphyton communities. User Manual, pp 1–31īackhaus T, Grimme LH (1999) The toxicity of antibiotic agents to the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri.
Graphpad prism 5 four parameter non linear regression curve software#
Plateau at the right end of the curve ZEP:Īzur Environmental (1999) MicrotoxOmni™ software for Windows ® 95/98/NT. Logarithm of the concentration of the PPCPs which induce the Y effect Y: Quantitative structure–activity relationships R: Pharmaceutical and personal care products QSARs: The negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant, PCBs, Polychlorinated biphenyls PPCPs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NTR: Maximum stimulatory effect concentration n: Logarithm of octanol/water partition coefficient m: Logarithm of soil/water partition coefficient LogK ow Lowest observable effect concentration LogK oc Half maximal effective concentration EPA: Despite the results obtained in this research, further investigations need to be conducted to elucidate the behavior of PPCPs in aquatic environments.ĭetailed level ecological risk assessment EC FĮffective concentration of PPCP that gives a bioluminescence inhibition of F percent ECOSAR:Įcological structure activity relationship EC 50 Hormesis is being increasingly included in dose–response studies because this may have a harmful, beneficial or indifferent effect in an environment. Moreover, when the exposure time was increased, the hormetic effect decreased. The maximum stimulatory effect of a mixture was higher than the highest stimulatory effect of each individually tested compound. All compounds that presented narcosis as a mode of toxic action at high doses also exhibited stimulation at low concentrations. Effective concentrations of 0 (EC 0), 5 (EC 5) and 50 % (EC 50) were calculated for each PPCP as the ecotoxicological points. These results indicated that certain compounds have traditional inverted U- or J-shaped dose–response curves, and 55 % of them presented a stimulatory effect below the zero effect-concentration point. Moreover, the stimulatory effects of PPCPs at environmental concentrations (low doses) were assessed. Comparative analysis indicated that most compounds showed the same level of toxicity. The half maximal effective concentration (EC 50) of each PPCP was estimated using the best-fitting model and was compared with the results from a recent study. A four-parameter model best fit the majority of the compounds. The ecotoxicological effects of PPCPs at two different concentration ranges were determined in the bacterium Vibrio fischeri using Microtox ® and were statistically analyzed using three models in the GraphPad Prism 6 program for Windows, v.6.03. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to investigate 20 common and widely used PPCPs to assess their individual and combined effect on an important species in one trophic level, i.e., bacteria.
The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment has become a real and widespread concern in recent years.
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